Israel’s population is culturally and ethnically diverse, thanks to large immigrant waves from every corner of the world, each with its own challenges and successes. This thorough article from the Israel Democracy Institute examines several models of cultural absorption – assimilation, integration, segregation, and marginalization – through the experiences of three different groups of Jewish immigrants to Israel: those from North Africa and Arab countries in the 1950s, from Ethiopia in the 1980s and 1990s, and from the Former Soviet Union in the 1990s. The article compares the reception of each group by Israeli society, taking into account the unique economic, political, and cultural characteristics of each migrant group and the historical context of their aliyah.